Yambo Ouologuem was a Malian writer born into an aristocratic family. In 1960 he went to Paris, where he studied at Lycée Henri-IV while pursuing a doctorate in sociology at the École normale supérieure. His poetry has been anthologized in Poems of Black Africa, edited by Wole Soyinka, and The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry, edited by Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier.